Chemical defensive symbioses in the marine environment

Marine Chemosynthetic Symbioses

Bacteria and marine eukaryotes often coexist in symbioses that significantly influence the ecology, physiology and evolution of both partners. De Bary (1879) defined symbiosis as “the living together of differently named organisms,” implying that the term encompasses both positive (e.g., mutualism) and negative (e.g., parasitism) associations. Many researchers now view symbiotic interactions as...

Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.

Many organisms team up with microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the described protective symbioses between animals (including marine invertebrates, nematodes, insects, and vertebrates) and bacteria, fungi, and dinoflagellates. We focus on associations where the microbial natural products mediating the protective activity have been elucida...

mesuring the staff technology readiness, the case of a multi national chemical company operating in iran

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Deterioration of Concrete in Ambient Marine Environment (RESEARCH NOTE)

Structural concrete exposed to marine environment deserves special attention as the diffused sea salts chemically react with harden cement matrix and forms various expansive/leachable compounds leading to loss of material, strength, cracking, spalling etc. This study cover the effect of sea water on the specimens cast from two grades of concrete exposed to simulated marine environment over a ye...

Nitrogen in the Marine Environment